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Replication Files for: The American Public's Attitudes over How Judges Use Legal Principles to Make Decisions

Albert H. Rivero (albert.rivero@virginia.edu) and Andrew R. Stone (arstone@olemiss.edu)
University of Virginia and University of Mississippi

This version: August 2023, v. 1.0

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This repository contains the data and code necessary to replicate the analyses in the manuscript and online appendix. 

The analysis was conducted in R (version 4.3.1) running on macOS Ventura (version 13.4.1). 

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The following files are necessary to replicate the analyses in the article. 

*** Table 2 ***
*** Figure 1 ***

observational_data.RData
replicate-observational.R

*** Figure 2 ***

experiment_data.RData
replicate-experiment.R

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The following files are necessary to replicate the analyses in the online appendix. 

*** Table A1 ***
*** Figures A1-A2 ***

senator-nominee-press.RData
network-news-nominee.RData
replicate-real-world-usage-appendix.R

*** Tables A2-A11 ***
*** Figures A3-A4 ***

observational_data.RData
replicate-observational-appendix.R

*** Tables A12-A18 ***
*** Figure A5 ***

experiment_data.RData
replicate-experiment-appendix.R

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The following R packages are necessary to replicate the analyses in the article and online appendix. 

ggplot2 (version 3.4.2); GPArotation (version 2023.3-1); MASS (version 7.3-60); psych (version 2.3.6); readxl (version 1.4.2); sandwich (version 3.0-2); stargazer (version 5.2.3); TAM (version 4.1-4); tidyverse (version 2.0.0); xtable (version 1.8-4)

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The following variables are used in the analyses found in the paper and appendix.

***Observational analyses***
QPHILO3_1: Respondent evaluation of the importance of plain meaning (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_2: Respondent evaluation of the importance of original intent (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_3: Respondent evaluation of the importance of opinion when adopted (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_4: Respondent evaluation of the importance of precedent (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_5: Respondent evaluation of the importance of whether government has a strong reason (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_6: Respondent evaluation of the importance of whether the right involved political activity (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_7: Respondent evaluation of the importance of whether a state or the federal government is involved (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_8: Respondent evaluation of the importance of consequences (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_9: Respondent evaluation of the importance of other countries (4pt, factor).
QPHILO3_10: Respondent evaluation of the importance of public opinion (4pt, factor).
Propwts: Propensity score weights.
ideo3: Respondent ideology (3pt).
principles1: Respondent evaluation of the importance of plain meaning (4pt, numeric).
principles2: Respondent evaluation of the importance of original intent (4pt, numeric).
principles3: Respondent evaluation of the importance of opinion when adopted (4pt, numeric).
principles4: Respondent evaluation of the importance of precedent (4pt, numeric).
principles5: Respondent evaluation of the importance of whether government has a strong reason (4pt, numeric).
principles6: Respondent evaluation of the importance of whether the right involved political activity (4pt, numeric).
principles7: Respondent evaluation of the importance of whether a state or the federal government is involved (4pt, numeric).
principles8: Respondent evaluation of the importance of consequences (4pt, numeric).
principles9: Respondent evaluation of the importance of other countries (4pt, numeric).
principles10: Respondent evaluation of the importance of public opinion (4pt, numeric).
knowledge: Respondent knowledge of the Supreme Court (8pt).
Q4005: Respondent gender.
Q2146: Respondent education.
QNEW: Respondent race.
QM12: Respondent ideology (5pt).
Q2157: Respondent income.
female: Indicator denoting whether respondent is female.
Q1903: Respondent partisanship.
trad: Averaged responses to the traditional principles questions (4pt, numeric).
nontrad: Averaged responses to the non-traditional principles questions (4pt, numeric).
Q4007: Respondent age.
race_cat: Respondent race (numeric).
attention: Respondent attention to the Supreme Court.

***Experimental analyses***
outcome: Respondent support for the Court’s ruling in the case (binary).
ExperimentalCondition: Indicator denoting which of two experimental conditions our full sample received; condition 2 corresponds to the main text experiment.
cueStrength: Indicator denoting the correspondence between the respondent's self-reported support for principles and the principles they were experimentally treated with.
plain.meaning: Respondent support for the principle of plain meaning (binary).
intent: Respondent support for the principle of original intent (binary).
meaning.at.adoption: Respondent support for the principle of the meaning of the right at the time of adoption (binary). 
precedent: Respondent support for the principle of precedent (binary). 
consequence: Respondent support for the principle of societal consequences (binary).
other.countries: Respondent support for the principle of considering what other countries do (binary).
public.opinion: Respondent support for the principle of public opinion (binary).
national.security: Respondent support for the principle of considering a strong reason, such as national security (binary).
political.activity: Respondent support for the principle of political activity (binary).
deference.legislatures: Respondent support for the principle of legislative deference (binary). 
liberal: Indicator denoting whether the respondent identifies as liberal (binary).
moderate: Indicator denoting whether the respondent identifies as moderate (binary).conservative: Indicator denoting whether the respondent identifies as conservative (binary).
P10: Respondent support for the principle of public opinion (4pt scale).
P11: Respondent support for the principle of considering what other countries do (4pt scale).
gender: Gender of the respondent.
race: Race of the respondent.
pid3: Party identification of the respondent.
ideology: Ideology of the respondent.
ReasoningCondition: Indicator denoting which case the respondent was experimentally treated with.white: Indicator of whether the respondent is white.
female: Indicator of whether the respondent is female.
principles.sum.5: Count of the the number of principles a respondent supported ex ante (6pt scale).
knowledge: Respondent knowledge of the Supreme Court (5pt scale).
outcome2: Respondent support for the reasoning the Court used to come to its decision in the case (binary).
legit: Additive index measuring respondent evaluation of Court legitimacy (20pt scale)

***Real-world usage analyses***
# Senator press release data
senator: Name of senator who issued the press release.
activism: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of judicial activism.
actual.phrases: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the actual phrases of the Constitution.
federalism: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of federalism. 
foreign.law: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of foreign law.
living.constitution: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of a living Constitution.
original.intent: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of original intent.
precedent: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of precedent.
strict.construction: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of strict construction.
constitutional.text: Indicator of whether the press release referenced the principle of textualism.

# Network news data
original.intent: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of original intent. 
precedent: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of precedent.
foreign.law: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of foreign law. 
activism: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of activism.
federalism: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of federalism.
constitutional.text: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of textualism.
actual.phrases: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the actual phrases of the Constitution.
living.constitution: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of a living Constitution.
strict.construction: Indicator of whether the news transcript referenced the principle of strict construction.
nomination: The nomination the news transcript corresponds to.

# Senate Judiciary Committee hearings data
subis: Sub-issue area of the statement.
issue: Main issue area of the statement.
senpar: Senator party (1 is Democrat, 0 is Republican).

